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一、定语的定义定语用来修饰名词，主要是起着描述和限制作用。
（1）描述作用：就是描述事物的状态特征（高矮胖瘦，方圆，难易等。）
A red cap（颜色）; a shy boy（心理性格的）; a high mountain（形状和比较的含义）; a heavy（数量和程度的含义）rain; a difficult（性质和程度的含义） problem.
（2）限定作用：主要是对所指的人和事物起着限定作用，使所指的人和物范围缩小，让对方知道所指的是那个人那个物，或者那些人那些物。
A boy（男孩）你不知道指的是谁，但如果加上定语，这时指代就比较明确，a boy in red（穿着红色衣服的男孩，范围限定在穿红衣服的）。
The woman（那位妇女）我们也不知道值得是谁，加上修饰语：the woman with a baby in her arm（怀里抱着一个婴儿的那位妇女，范围限定在怀里抱着一个婴儿的）。
二、可充当定语的词：形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式，现在分词，过去分词，动名词以及定语从句等都可以充当定语。
（1）形容词作定语：主要是描述所修饰名词的性质、颜色、大小、状态和特征。
He bought some new books.他买了一些新书。（状态）
形容词性的代词作定语：主要表示所属关系和限定作用。
We love our motherland.我们热爱我们的祖国。
（2）名词作定语：用来说明被修饰词的用途、时间、地点、内容、类别、材料、功能用途等。
They made some paper flowers.他们制作了一些纸花。（材料）
a waiting room 候车室。（用途）
evening suit 晚礼服。（时间）
the classroom window 教室窗户。（地点）
a grammar book 故事书。（内容）
children education 儿童教育。（类别）
Doctor James 詹姆斯医生/博士。（身份）
A boy friend 男性朋友。（性别）
（3）介词短语作定语：主要对被修饰的名词起限定作用。
The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.
在教室里的男生是一年级三班的。（男生范围限定在教室里，而不包括在其他地方的。）
（4）不定式作定语：描述被修饰词的一个将来的动作，要与被修饰的名词形成主谓或者被动关系，同时也具有限定作用。这时不定式的位置就放在被修饰的名词后面。但不能理解为一个名词后面有不定式就一定是定语。
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。（ to write this letter 修饰名词boy作后置定语；boy与write形成主谓关系。限定的范围是指要写信的，而不是做其他事情的男孩。）
There is a lot of work to be done.（这里有大量的工作有待完成。to be done修饰work作后置定语；work与 to be done形成被动关系。限定的范围是指要去完成的而不是已经完成的。）
I’ll save some money to buy a computer.我将存钱买电脑。（此句中的不定式就不是作定语。因为some money 与to buy a computer没有形成主谓或者被动关系。）
（5）现在分词作定语：描述被修饰词的一种状态或正在进行的动作，要与被修饰的名词形成主谓关系，同时也具有限定作用。单个的现在分词作定语放在被修饰的名词前面，现在分词短语放在被修饰的名词的后面。
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
（ smiling 修饰名词boy作前置定语，形成主谓关系。限定范围是指正在微笑的，而不是正在哭泣的男孩。）
The man standing by the windows is our teacher.（standing by the windows 是后置定语，standing 和所修饰的man形成主谓关系）
（6）过去分词作定语：在语态上，表被动；在时间上，表示动作已经发生或完成，与它所修饰的名词有逻辑（意义）上的动宾关系。
The pen bought by her is made in China.她买的笔是中国产的（bought by her 修饰名词pen作后置定语；bought by her 与pen形成被动关系，并且bought这个行为动作已经发生。）
（7）定语从句作定语：定语从句具有很强的限定作用。在英语中，定语从句通常位于它所修饰的词（组）之后。被定语从句修饰的词（组）叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词称为关系词（关系代词和关系副词两类），关系词指代先行词并在关系从句中充当一定的成分。例如：
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。（who is reading 修饰名词boy作后置定语；which you bought yesterday修饰名词pen。限定的意义在于：是在看书的男孩而不是在看电视的男孩；是你昨天买的而不是你前天买的或者也不是汤姆昨天买的。）
三、定语的位置：前置定语和后置定语两种
前置定语放在修饰的名词前，一般是单个的单词
A famous American university.
An interestinglittleredFrench oil painting.
后置定语：放在修饰的名词后，一般是短语，就是定语包含有两个或两个以上的单词。
（1）短语作定语要后置
He gave me a basket full of eggs.他给我一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。
（2）修饰some，any，no，every等词构成的不定代词的定语要后置
There is nothing important in todays newspaper.今天报纸上没有什么重要的东西。
（3）副词作定语
The people here are very friendly.这里的人很友好。
四、定语的顺序：如果名词前有多个形容词作定语，就依照这个顺序摆放：其形容词遵循的词序为：限观形龄色国材，指：限定词（一般指数量）；外观（美丽等）；形状（大小，高矮，肥瘦）；年龄；颜色；国籍；材料；用途。如：1限定词2 外观3形状4年龄5颜色6国籍7材料8用途
An interestinglittleredFrench oil painting.
五、在阅读理解和句子成分分析过程中，要始终记住定语的语义功能。当然，我们也可以结合以下步骤去分析句子中的定语成分。因为定语是修饰名词的，而名词在句中常见的功能就是充当主语、宾语和表语。明白了这一点，下面就简单的介绍一下其中的一种基本方法及步骤。
（1）先确定句子的谓语
Voyages of people from England play an important part in（谓语）spreading the English language.
（2）再确定句子主语的中心名词并看主语是否是名词和不定代词。
Voyages of people from England（主语）play an important part in spreading the English language.
（中心名词）
（3）分析中心名词前后的单词和短语，是否对名词有修饰限定作用。如果有修饰和限定作用即可判定为定语。
Voyages of people from England（定语）play an important part in spreading the English language.
（Voyages of people from England应翻译为英国人的航海旅行，限定的意义在于：是英国人的航海旅行，而不是美国人或者法国人的。）
在句子中确定宾语和表语的定语方法一样，这里就不在详述了。
定语的训练方案：
一、定语从句单句改错专题训练
1. This is the museum where I once visited.
2. The pencil with that he is writing is his.
3. This is the house where I lived in last year.
4. The first book which I read was Gone With the Wind.
5. Everything which we saw there was interesting.
6. She heard a terrible noise, that made her swallow her heart.
7. The doctor, who the nurse is talking to him, is leaving for Africa next month.
8. Who is the woman who shook hands with you just now?
9. Do you still remember the days when we spent together?
10. All what is needed is a supply of oil.
11. Is this the book which youre looking?
12. I dont like the way which you speak to her.
13. The word "write" has the same pronunciation like the word "right".
14. He was one of the students who was praised by the teacher at the meeting.
15. The child who parents died is called an orphan.
16. The weather turned out to be fine, that was more than we could expect.
17. Is this the museum where you paid a visit to the other day.
18. Which of you can think of a situation which this idiom is often used?
19. He soon spent the money, most of it was earned in a dishonest way.
20. The days when we were together without any worries are gone and Ill always remember the days when we spent together.
【参考答案】
1. where -- that / which 或where 2. that which 3. in 4. which -- that 或which 5. which -- that 或which 6. that which 7. him 8. who -- that 9. When--which/that /省去10. what -- that 11. looking后加for 12. which -- that 或in which 后不填13. like as 14. was were 15. who -- whose 16. That--which 17. where -- that / which 或where 18. which where 19. it which 20. when -- that / which 或when
二、语篇分析
熟读课文翻译下面的短文，并在语篇中划出所有的定语。
Voyages of people from England play an important part in spreading the English language. At present, English is frequently spoken as an official or common language in many countries, such as America,Singapore, Malaysia and some African countries. All based on British English, the English spoken in these countries can be well understood by native English speakers. But actually,these Englishes have been gradually changing in accents, spellings, expressions and the usage of vocabulary.
Because of this fact, you can make use of the differences to tell which country the foreigners of your block are from. For example, if a boss fluently commands his driver,“Come up straight to my apartment by elevator and take some gas for my trucks and cabs”,instead of requesting,“Please come to my flat by lift and take some petrol for my lorries and taxis”, you can recognize his American identity, while the latter suggests that he is British.
